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A computer network,
often simply referred to as a network, is a
collection of
computers and devices connected by communications
channels that facilitates communications among users and
allows users to share resources with other users. Networks
may be classified according to a wide variety of
characteristics. This article provides a general overview of
types and categories and also presents the basic components
of a network.
A computer network allows sharing of
resources and information among devices connected to the
network. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
funded the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET)
for the United States Department of Defense. It was the
first operational computer network in the world.[1]
Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs
developed during the 1960s. For a history see
ARPANET, the first network.
Purpose
- Facilitating communications.
Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and
easily via e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephony,
video telephone calls, and videoconferencing.
- Sharing hardware. In a
networked environment, each computer on a network can access
and use hardware on the network. Suppose several personal
computers on a network each require the use of a laser
printer. If the personal computers and a laser printer are
connected to a network, each user can then access the laser
printer on the network, as they need it.
- Sharing files, data, and
information. In a network environment, any authorized
user can access data and information stored on other
computers on the network. The capability of providing access
to data and information on shared storage devices is an
important feature of many networks.
- Sharing software. Users
connected to a network can access application
programs
on the network.
Network classification
The following list presents categories
used for classifying networks.
Connection method
Computer networks can be classified
according to the hardware and software technology that is
used to interconnect the individual devices in the network,
such as
optical fiber,
Ethernet,
Wireless LAN,
HomePNA,
Power line communication or
G.hn.
Ethernet uses physical wiring to connect
devices. Frequently deployed devices include hubs, switches,
bridges and/or routers. Wireless LAN technology is designed
to connect devices without wiring. These devices use
radio waves or
infrared signals as a transmission medium.
ITU-T
G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable,
phone lines and
power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s)
local area
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